martes, 6 de abril de 2010
Class: 7
Date: march 5 / 10
Item: osmosis
Osmosis
Is when nutrients or ions enter and leave; but the cell don’t spend energy.
The osmosis occurs for the concentration has been equals inside and outside of the cell.
The osmosis occurs in presence to a cell membrane.
Class: 8
Date: 09/03/10
Item: diffusion process and active transport
Diffusion
Is the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to and are of low concentration.
Active transport:
Is when the cell spends energy, to transport molecules across the membrane, there are two types of passive transport endocytosis and exocytosis. Is when the cell enters as water and nutrient substances.
Endo= adentro
There are two types of endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis}
Phagocytosis: is the entry of nutrients through the membrane with energy spent.
Pinocytosis: the entry water into the cell, the membrane invaginates and forms a vacuole that waters enter in to the cell.
Exocytosis: the output of waste outside the cell in this process the cell spends energy.
Class: 6
Date: march: Tuesday 02/10
Item: membrane transport
Membrane transport: it is entry and exit of nutrients thought of the membrane by pores or proteins.
Passive transport:
the cell you want to find a balance between the concentration of salts internally and externally, to make this happen equilibrium enters the cell and removes ions.
Concentration gradient: the movement of ions according to the concentration of salts internally and externally.
By extreme conditions when concentrations as the cell must make an effort to enter on or remove ions. there are two states called plasmolysis and turgor.
Plasmolysis: when there is a greater concentration of salts or ions inside the cell and must work to remove them to the point that it loses all its water and plasmolisa and still not finish to balance out the salts.
Turgor: when there are many salts or ions and the cell has to enter them and not stand up and explodes.
Homework:
What is active transport?
Answer:Active transport is the mediated process of moving molecules and other substances across membranes.
what is passive transport?
what is passive transport?
Passive transport or diffusion. Passive transport is the simple exchange of molecules of a substance across the plasma membrane, during which no expenditure of energy that provides the cell.
What is concentration gradient?
What is concentration gradient?
Concentration gradient is the difference in solute concentration between two solutions or media.An example: you have water in a container to which you add salt, but do not shake, by the time you add the salt, the highest concentration of salt will be at the bottom of the container, while the higher the concentration is minimal. This difference is the gradient.
what is osmosis?
what is osmosis?
Osmosis is a physical-chemical phenomena related to the behavior of water as a solvent for a solution to a semipermeable membrane for the solvent (water) but not solutes. Such behavior involves a simple diffusion through the membrane, without "spending power". Osmosis is an important biological phenomenon for cellular physiology of living beings.
What is broadcast?
Diffusion is a physical process irreversible, in which material particles are introduced into an environment that was initially absent, increasing the entropy of the joint formed by the scattered particles or solute and the environment in which diffuse or solvent.
Usually diffusion processes are subject to the Fick's law. The permeable membrane may allow passage of particles and solvent always in favor of concentration gradient. The release process requires no energy input, often as a form of cellular exchange.
Homework :
1)How is formed the cell membrane?
Plasma membrane prokaryotes, eukaryotic cell membrane, phospholipid membrane, selectively permeable cell membrane,
cell wall membrane, plasma membrane cytoplasm cell membrane pores, membrane substances.
cell wall membrane, plasma membrane cytoplasm cell membrane pores, membrane substances.
2) As it is called the model explains the structure of the cell membrane?
The fluid mosaic model is, in biology, a model of plasma membrane structure proposed in 1972 by S. J. Singer and Garth Nicolson thanks to advances in electron microscopy.
3) Who discovered the cell membrane model?
In 1972, Singer and Nicholson proposed the fluid mosaic model. This was possible thanks to advances in electron microscopy, the hydrophilic interaction study, the study of noncovalent bonds such as hydrogen bonding and the development of techniques such as contrast criofractura and negativo.
S. Jonathan Singer
Garth Nicolson
Membrane Transport: The cell biology of membrane transport is called the set of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes, such as ions and small molecules across cell membranes, ie lipid bilayers that have proteins embedded in them.
Mind is a selective permeable barrier, since it prevents the free exchange of materials from one place to another, but at the same time provide a means for communicating a space with another;
Allows the passage or transport of solutes from one side to another cell, it regulates the exchange of substances between the interior and exterior of the cell down a concentration gradient;
Class: 3
Date: February. Tuesday 16/10
Item: Review the cell
Robert Hooke:
Jean baptiste von helmont: created the first microscope; and saw a drop of water and discover the protist.
Matias Schleiden
= developed the cell theory.
Theodor Schwann
Cell Theory
Its has three postulates.
1. The cell is unity of structure.
2. The cell is unity of function.
3. All the living things are formed by cells.
The Cell
Parts
Nucleus: Is a structure inside
The cell: its function is the control and direction of the cell. The nucleus is formed By:
nucleolus: Its function is to do ribosomes.
Nuclear Membrane: Its formed by phospholipids and proteins.
Its function is give shape to nucleus.
inside of the nuclear membran we can find NUCLEAR JUICE.
The nuclear juice: Its a liquid made by DNA and RNA
Ribosomes: They are in all places of the cell; they was created in the nucleus. The ribosomes produce proteins that are used in the construction of the membranes.
Chromosomes: They are responsible by the genetic information.
Celular Membrane
Is a structure most important; their functions are:
- Protect the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Give form to the cell
-To allow change of nutrients
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Born in Hamburg, Schleiden was educated at Heidelberg and practiced law in Hamburg, but soon developed his hobby of botany into a full-time pursuit. Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope. While a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wroteContributions to Phytogenesis (1838)
class:2
date:12/02/10
item: the cell
Cell
It is the smallest unity functional and morphologycal of the living beings
the cell was discover by Robert Hooke(1665) when he looked a corck and he named the cell, because this remembered his bedroom.
then of 150 years a man called Jhon Baptiste Van Helmon created the first microscope.
Robert Hooke
In that miscroscope looked a drop of water and he notes some living unicell beings he was called protist.
homework:
consult cell theory
-matias shleiden
-theodor schwann
the cell is what form the DNA that is how the generations, all living things have cells we are made of cells
Class: 1
Date: February 09/10 (Tuesday)
Item: curriculum
Biology 7°
1. Achievement:
· Recognize that the cell is the smallest unity of structure and function and it formed the life.
2. Goal:
· Differences functions and cell organelles.
· Identifies plant cell and animal cell.
· Recognize and difference tissues.
· Explain mitosis and cell division.
· Process and cell be organized to from tissues, organs, apparatus, systems, and living things.
· Identified animal tissues and vegetal tissues
Topics
1. The cell
· Structure
· Function
· Cell
2. Animal cell
Vegetal cell
3. Cell division
· Mitosis
· Meiosis
4. Tissues
· Vegetal tissues
· Animal tissues
5. Levels of the cell organization
Homework
The consult and do a definition of cell. With mine own words
1. explain these sentences by giving examples.
* a specific are and the living and nonliving things found there form an ecosystem.
* there is a connection between all the living things occur in different areas.
* changes to an area affect the animals and plants that live there.
2.what effects can each of these human actions have on the environment?
*putting polluted water into the ocean
* creating protected natural areas
* building a new road
* out lawing the huntin of specific animals
3. how can we measure temperature by using a thermometer?what units is temperaturemeasured in?
basic content.
4.complete these sentences
* these elements influence the climate in an area: __________,_____________,_________and____________.
*temperature varies with_________and________
we measure temperature with a _______.
- there is more precipitation in _________,__________and__________.
- we use an anemometer to measure wind__________.we use a
_________to determinethe wind's direction.
5. copy and complete the table.
6. what are the main differences between these biomes?
* desert and tropical rain forest.
*decidous forest and chaparral.
7. match the numbers with the words. color the tropical zone red, the polar zones blue and the temperature zones orange.
equator artic circle
tropic of cancer tropical zone
tropic of capricorn temperate zones
antartic circle polar zones
8. copy and complete the diagram
the environment
is made up of has the following problems
which we could solve by
synthesize
9. draw and answer the questions.
* draw the earth. color the areas where living things can survive in red.
* are there living things in the core of the earth?
* are there living things at the botton of the ocean ?
10. can the same country have several different biomes? explain with an example.
11.explain the differences between a biome and the environment.
12.answer the questions and suggest solutions.
*what are the main environmental problem of tropical rain forests?
*what are the main environmental problems of temperate forests?
answers
1.
In the ocean, there is water mineral salts, little light and living things, like fish, whales and algae. in the savanna, giraffes eat the leaves of plants; lions hunt the giraffe's young; hyenas eat the remains of animals. plants and animals, like the cactus and desert fox, are adapted to the shortage of water in the desert; in the jungle, there are living things, such as ivy, that need a lot of humidity. if a pond in a forests dried up, the living things that depend on that pond to survive (e.g.,algae,moss frogs,perch) would also dissapear.
2.
The death of many forms of marine life and illnesses in the people who eat the contaminatedfish or seafood. protecting the life of many plants and animals. deforestation,destruc
The environment
All living things and the characteristics of the area where they live (temperature, humidity, soil etc…) from the environment.
A plant or animal can only survive in certain environment. Every living thing needs to live in a specific type of place. However people have adapted to beable to live anywhere.
Our environment is the whole planet
Environmental problems:
Environmental problems cause damage to the environment. They harm living things and their habitat.
The main environmental problems are:
1. Pollution: the accumulation of harmful substances on the ground, in the air and in the water causes pollution. These substances harm living things.
2. Deforestation: is the disappearance of forests. Cutting down too many trees, pollution and fires all cause deforestation.
3. Desertification: is the transformation of some landscapes into desert areas. The soil becomes very dry and poor. Few living things can survive in these areas.
4. Habitat loss: occurs when natural areas are destroyed to make room for housing or industry. Habitat loss can also occur because of deforestation or desertification.
5. Excessive development, hunting, fires and other actions can use the extinction of living things.
Solutions
1. Reduce pollution.
2. Avoid cutting down wild trees for wood.
3. Outlaw the hunting of animals.
4. Protect specific natural areas.
Class work
Explain these sentences by giving examples:
• A specific area ecosystem.
• There is a connection between all the living things in an ecosystem.
• Different living things occur in different areas.
• Changes to an area affect the animals and plants that live there.
What effects can each of these human actions have on the environment?
• and the living and nonliving things found there from and
• Putting polluted water into the ocean.
• Creating protected natural areas.
• Building a new road.
• Outlawing the hunting of specific animals
Development
Because in the ecosystem if there are living beings and nonliving creatures. for example: plants, animals, stones and more.
I think because there is nothing if not living in an ecosystem.If clear affects animals and living things because their habitat is no longer the same.
if for the living and the things we have not even found in many different areas.
if animals are used unclear why living in a very different climate
if we place in the sea water contaminated animals may die because the previous water was not polluted.
Biomes
Is a group of ecosystems that have similar light, temperature, humidity and living things?
For example: the rain forest in the world.
Specific living things occur in each type of biome. Each biome is in a specific climatic zone.
Biome of warm zones:
There are three types of biomes in warm zones:
The desert: is a biome where there is a little water. The temperatures are very high during the day and very low at night. Cacti, coyotes and camels live in the desert biome.
Tropical rain forest: it rains a lot. It is very humid and warm, are also very dense, they have a lot of trees, like rubber trees, and animals like the toucan.
The savanna: is a biome where a very dry season is followed by rainy season every year.
The most common plants are types of grass. The trees grass for apart from each other.
Giraffes and lions live in the African savanna.
Temperate zone biomes: this biomes are in the temperate zones.
Chaparral: evergreen plants and brushes are found here. These plants can survive hot, dry summers. Typical plants include thyme and oak. Rabbits and boars live here.
Temperate forest: pine trees and trees that lose their leaves in autumn are typical of these forest. Spruce and elm trees, deer and bears live here.
Prairies and steppes: this biome is a large plain covered with grass. There are few trees the prairie dog and the bison live in this biome.
Biomes of cold zones: the tundra and boreal forest are in cold zones.
The tundra: Has very low temperatures. Lichens and small plants like moss are characteristic plants. Reindeer and the arctic fox live here.
Boreal forest: are cold zone forest characteristic plants include lichens, pine trees and fir trees. The ground of boreal forests is covered with ice and snow for many months of the year. The beaver and the Canada lynx live in this biome. Boreal forests are also called taiga.
The environment
Factors involved in climate
The climate of on area several factors, these factors change from one place to another. They depend on how far a place is from equator, how far it is from the ocean and its altitude.
Temperature: varies with distance from the equator and altitude. At high altitudes, the temperature is lower. At low altitudes, temperature is higher. Temperatures are milder on the coasts than in inland regions. This is due to the influence of the ocean.
Precipitation: such as rain, snow and hail, comes from the water in the atmosphere. There is more precipitation near the equator, on the coast and in the mountains. We use a rain gauge to measure precipitation.
Pressure: is the force s on that air exerts on the earth’s surface. Pressure varies with altitude. High areas have low pressure. Low areas have high pressure. We use a barometer to measure pressure.
Wind: is the movement of air. Winds move between areas that have different temperatures and pressures. We use an anemometer to measure wind speed. We use a weather vane to determine its direction.
Climatic zones: we can divide the earth into large climatic zones depending on the type of climate in each zone:
Tropical zone: is located between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. The temperatures are very high because the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
Polar zones: there are two; one is in the northern hemisphere, north of the Artic circle. The other is in the southern hemisphere, south of the Antarctic Circle. The temperatures at the poles a very low because the sun’s rays are very slanted when they reach the earth.
Temperate zones: there are two, on each hemisphere. They extend from the tropics to the polar circles. The temperatures in these areas are not extreme. This is because the sun’s rays are slightly slanted when they reach the earth.
The distribution of these zones generally depends on their distance from the equator. Within each zone, distance from the ocean and altitude also cause climatic differences.
Factors involved in climate
The climate of on area several factors, these factors change from one place to another. They depend on how far a place is from equator, how far it is from the ocean and its altitude.
Temperature: varies with distance from the equator and altitude. At high altitudes, the temperature is lower. At low altitudes, temperature is higher. Temperatures are milder on the coasts than in inland regions. This is due to the influence of the ocean.
Precipitation: such as rain, snow and hail, comes from the water in the atmosphere. There is more precipitation near the equator, on the coast and in the mountains. We use a rain gauge to measure precipitation.
Pressure: is the force s on that air exerts on the earth’s surface. Pressure varies with altitude. High areas have low pressure. Low areas have high pressure. We use a barometer to measure pressure.
Wind: is the movement of air. Winds move between areas that have different temperatures and pressures. We use an anemometer to measure wind speed. We use a weather vane to determine its direction.
Climatic zones: we can divide the earth into large climatic zones depending on the type of climate in each zone:
Tropical zone: is located between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. The temperatures are very high because the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
Polar zones: there are two; one is in the northern hemisphere, north of the Artic circle. The other is in the southern hemisphere, south of the Antarctic Circle. The temperatures at the poles a very low because the sun’s rays are very slanted when they reach the earth.
Temperate zones: there are two, on each hemisphere. They extend from the tropics to the polar circles. The temperatures in these areas are not extreme. This is because the sun’s rays are slightly slanted when they reach the earth.
The distribution of these zones generally depends on their distance from the equator. Within each zone, distance from the ocean and altitude also cause climatic differences.
Solar energy
The sun, a source of energy.
Earth does not emit its own light. It comes from the sun. The sun is constantly producing energy. This energy travels through space and reaches earth as heat and light.
Heat: it travels to earth by means o radiation. The sun’s rays reach different places on earth at different angles, that’s why there are hotter and colder areas.
Perpendicular rays= hotter diagonally rays= colder
Light: is a form of energy. The light that comes from the sun looks white, but is made up of many colors.
Light propagates in straight line and all directions, light travels at great speed.
Some objects allow light to pass through them, transparent.
Some objects do not let light pass through them opaque.
Some objects only let part of the light pass through them translucent.
Reflection: it’s when light changes direction when it hits and objects.
Refraction: it’s when light changes direction when it passes from one substance to another.
Earth is a magnet
· Magnets: are objects that attract iron and steel. This force of attraction is called magnetism.
· Electromagnets: are artificial magnets. They need an electric current to work.
Earth’s magnetic field
Earth is a giant magnet. Like all magnets, it has two magnetic poles:
· Earth’s magnetic south pole is in northern Canada
· Earth’s magnetic north pole is near the Antarctic coast.